This blog post gives an overview of the scientific network of researchers that are using the VASO (vascular space occupancy) for applications in layer-fMRI. I tried to give an overview of all layer-fMRI VASO papers published so far and provide a map of all layer-fMRI VASO labs around the globe.

Popularity of layer-fMRI VASO across years and countries

The first layer-fMRI VASO studies in humans were presented in 2014/2015. In the five years that followed, VASO became a credible contrast for the emerging field of layer-fMRI.

The vast majority of layer-fMRI VASO research is happening in Europe, followed by Asia. The higher 7T density in USA is not represented in a correspondingly many layer-fMRI VASO studies. This it might be due to the medical-application driven research funding environment.

Google map to browse interactively: https://layerfmri.page.link/VASO_worldwide (in case of missing sites, suggestions are welcome to layerfmri@gmail.com).

Fifty current users of layer-dependent VASO fMRI

1. Ulsan National Institute and Technology, Korea
   • Ji-Hyun Kim is using VASO to investigate the laminar patterns of RA and SA columns in S1.
   • 
   • OHBM 2021 abstract
2. Aarhus, Denmark 
   • Lasse Knudsen and Torben Lund are using layer fMRI VASO at 3T.
   • 
   • ISMRM 2021
3. VA, San Francisco, USA 
   • An Vu is using layer-dependent VASO and BOLD images and combines them into one ultimate combined measure.
   • 
   • ISMRM 2021 
4. NICT, Japan 
   • Guoxiang Liu is using VASO layer-fMRI with BISEPI at 7T.
   • 
   • OHBM 2021 talk  
5. Osaka, Japan.
   • Yinghua Yu is using VASO to investigate rhythmic somatosensory prediction.
   • 
   • OHBM 2021 abstract
6. Max Planck Institute CBS, Leipzig, Germany: 
   • Daniel Haenelt and Robert Trampel are using VASO (along with GE-BOLD and SE-BOLD) to investigate ocular dominance columns.
     

     

   • Reference: ISMRM 2020
7. SFIM, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, USA:
   • Yuhui Chai and Peter Bandettini are using VASO as a ground truth method to compare it with the VAPER contrast.
     

     

   • Reference: NeuroImage Paper
8. Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK:
   • Marcello Venzi, Joseph Whittaker, and Kevin Murphy are using high-resolution VASO to investigate the effect of CSF and veins in superficial voxels vs. parenchyma voxels.
     

     

   • Reference: ISMRM abstract 2019
9. MBIC, Maastricht University, Netherlands:
   • Renzo Huber and Benedikt Poser are working on sequence approaches to make layer-fMRI VASO easier applicable.
     

     

   • Reference: ISMRM abstract 2020, submitted
10. VA SF, USA: 
    • Alex Beckett and David Feinberg are using VASO as a ‘gold standard’ to compare it to 3D-GRASE.
      

       

      • This figure is taken from the BioRxiv preprint

      here.

    • Reference: BioArchive Preprint.
11. Spinoza/UMC, Utrecht/Amsterdam, Netherlands:
    • Icaro Oliviera, Jorien Siero, and Wietske van der Zwaag are using VASO to investigate the linearity of the hemodynamic response at very high resolutions.
    • Reference: Oliviera NeuroImage 2020
12. University of Sheffield: Sheffield, UK:
    • Aneurin Kennerley is using layer-dependent VASO to validate it against iron-based contrast agent fMRI in rodents.
      

      

    • Reference: ISMRM abstract 2017
13. University of York, York, UK 
    • Aneurin Kennerley and Renzo Huber are working on layer-fMRI VASO to make it doable at 3T.
      

      

    • Reference: ISMRM abstract 2020, submitted
14. University of York, UK 
    •  
    • Data kindly provided by Aneurin Kennerley, Frida Torkelsen, and Elisabeth Fear.
15. Lab of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, USA
    • Eli Merriam and Zvi Roth use sub-millimeter VASO to map the visual topography.
      

      

    • Reference data shown here
16. Martinos Center, MGH, Boston, USA:
    • Saskia Bollmann and Jonathan Polimeni use sub-millimeter VASO to investigate the temporal features of CBV across depth.
      

      

    • Reference data shown here
17. University of Queensland, Australia:
    • Atena Akbari and Markus Barth are investigating the layer-dependent fMRI response of VASO in V1.
      

      

    • OHBM abstract 2019
18. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK:
    • Nils Nothnagel, Andrew Morgan, and Jozien Goense implemented a 3D-EPI sequence for layer-dependent VASO imaging.
    • The first layer-fMRI VASO experiments were conducted early 2019.

    • 

19. SKKU, Suwon, South Korea:
    • Insub Kim, Won Mok Shim, and Seong Gi Kim are using layer-dependent VASO for orientation decoding across cortical depth.
      

      

    • Reference data shown here
20. Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany:
    • Jozien Goense used layer-dependent VASO in monkey visual cortex in areas of negative BOLD.
      

      

    • Data shown in Fig. 5 of this paper
21. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK:
    • Rosa Panchuelo and Susan Francis are using ultra-high resolution VASO in order to map the sensory system.
    • The grant is described here
22. National Institute of Mental Health:
    • Andrew Persichetti, Jason Avery, and Alex Martin are using layer-fMRI VASO to investigate the intra-cortical processing of imagined and executed motor actions.
      

      

    • Current Biology paper
23. CiNet, Osaka, Japan
    • Ikuhiro Kida is using high-resolution VASO to investigate the neuro-vascular coupling features of fMRI.
    • Sequence approved from SIEMENS in Feb 2019, ethical approval received in fall 2019.
      

      

24. NYU, New York USA
    • Hanzhang Lu performed the first sub-millimeter VASO when he was graduating and leaving to NYC at that time.
      

       

      • This figure from Hanzhang Lu’s scans are taken from a paper published by Donahue

      2006 MRM.

    • References 1, and 2.
25. University Magdeburg
    • Esther Kuehn and Oliver Speck are piloting layer-fMRI VASO to investigate sensory-motor representations across cortical depth.
      

      

    • Pilot study in June 2018
26. Christian Doppler Klinik, Salzburg
    • Martin Kronbichler is investigating the usability of layer-dependent VASO at 3T.
      

      

    • Reference data shown here
27. NIPS, Okazaki, Japan
    • Masaki Fukunaga is using layer-fMRI VASO in the sensory motor system, in the insual, and the visual cortex.
      

      

    • Layer-fMRI VASO research agreement
28. Okayama University Hospital, Japan
    • Yinghua Yu is using layer-dependent VASO with predictive coding in the sensory system.
      

      

    • Reference
29. Max-Delbrueck-Centrum, Berlin, Germany
    • Henning Reimann and Jurjen Heij are investigating layer-dependent processing of pain.

    • 

30. Zhejiang University, China
    • Ruiliang Bai in the group of Anna Wang are using 7T VASO for high-resolution fMRI.
    • Layer-fMRI research agreement is approved by SIEMENS
31. Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
    • Lab of Peng Zhang  are using layer-fMRI VASO in humans at 7T
    • 
    • Minnesota UHF workshop 2021
32. University of Cambridge, UK 
    • Bingjiang Lyu and Chris Roger are working on the implementation of layer-fMRI VASO for application in speech fMRI.
33. University of Cambridge, UK 
    • Catarina Rua and Zoe Kourtzi are setting up layer-dependent VASO in the visual cortex.

    • 

34. Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, UK
    • James Kolasinsky and Olivia Viessmann acquired high-resolution VASO with SMS readout for application in the somatosensory system.
35. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
    • Jun Hua developed a high-resolution 7T VASO sequence and is applying it with working memory tasks in dementia patients.
      

      

    • Reference
36. Uniklinik Freiburg, Germany.
    • Burak Akin and Ali Özen are acquiring layer-fMRI VASO at 3T with micro-stip RF-coils.
37. Klinikum Erlangen, Germany
    • Velentin Riedl, as collaborator from TUM, used VASO for quantitative fMRI at 7T.
38. DZNE, Bonn, Germany:
    • Ruediger Strinberg and Tony Stoecker implemented a VASO sequence with segmented 3D-EPI readout for SIEMENS VE systems.
      

      

39. Essen/Donders, Germany
    • Victor Pfaffenrot and Oliver Kraft are using MAGEC VASO for layer-fMRI
40. TUM, Munich, Germany
    • Valentin Riedl is using VASO to avoid administration of contrast agents.
41. Weizmann institute, Israel
    • Edna Furman-Haran uses VE VASO on the Terra
42. UIUC Illinois, USA 
    • Brad Sutton, Yuhui Chai aim to use VASO at the new Terra
43. Berkeley, USA
    • Prof. Feinberg is using layer-fMRI VASO on his Terra. This is to compare it with the results after the Terra is upgraded to the next-generation scanner.
    • 
44. MPI Tuebingen, Germany,
    • Vinod Kumar requested VASO for 9.4T scanning.
45. Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
    • Marco Barilari, and Remi Gau
    • 
    • Neurococ, 2021, Liege
46. Kings College London, UK
    • Fraser Aitken
47. Shanghai, Fudan Uni
    • Deniz Vatansever for Terra and Prisma
48. UT Dellas, USA, Southwestern
    • Sina Aslan for Prisma
49. Marseille, France
    • Olivier Girard
50. Bern, Switzerland
    • Andrea Federspiel
51. Showa, Tokyo, Japan
    • Takashi Itahashi
52. UC-Davis, USA
    • Audrey Fan is using 3D-EPI VASO for vascular physiology mapping.
53. London, Ontario, Canada
    • Atena Akbari and Ravi Menon
54. Rome, Italy
    • Maria Guidi 
55. NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
    • Desmond Tse and Pål Erik Goa are ramping up a layer-fMRI VASO grant for application in aging population.
    • Reference

Twenty seven peer-reviewed journal papers showing data with layer-dependent VASO

1. Donahue, Manus J. et al. 2006. “Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the VASO Contrast Mechanism.” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 56(6): 1261–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21072.

2. Jin, Tao, and Seong Gi Kim. 2006. “Spatial Dependence of CBV-FMRI: A Comparison between VASO and Contrast Agent Based Methods.” Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology – Proceedings (10): 25–28.

3. Jin, Tao, and Seong Gi Kim. 2008. “Improved Cortical-Layer Specificity of Vascular Space Occupancy FMRI with Slab Inversion Relative to Spin-Echo BOLD at 9.4 T.” NeuroImage 40(1): 59–67.

4. Goense, Jozien B M, Hellmut Merkle, and Nikos K. Logothetis. 2012. “High-Resolution FMRI Reveals Laminar Differences in Neurovascular Coupling between Positive and Negative BOLD Responses.” Neuron 76(3): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.019 (January 17, 2014).

5. Bandettini, Peter A. 2012. “The BOLD Plot Thickens: Sign- and Layer-Dependent Hemodynamic Changes with Activation.” Neuron 76(3): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.026.

6. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2014. “Slab-Selective, BOLD-Corrected VASO at 7 Tesla Provides Measures of Cerebral Blood Volume Reactivity with High Signal-to-Noise Ratio.” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 72(1): 137–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24916.

7. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2014. “Investigation of the Neurovascular Coupling in Positive and Negative BOLD Responses in Human Brain at 7T.” NeuroImage 97: 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.022.

8. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2015. “Cortical Lamina-Dependent Blood Volume Changes in Human Brain at 7T.” NeuroImage 107: 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.046.

9. Guidi, Maria et al. 2016. “Lamina-Dependent Calibrated BOLD Response in Human Primary Motor Cortex.” NeuroImage 141: 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.030.

10. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2016. “Functional Cerebral Blood Volume Mapping with Simultaneous Multi-Slice Acquisition.” NeuroImage 125: 1159–68.

11. Donahue, Manus J., Meher R. Juttukonda, and Jennifer M. Watchmaker. 2017. “Noise Concerns and Post-Processing Procedures in Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) and Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” NeuroImage 154: 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.007.

12. Kazan, Samira M. et al. 2017. “Physiological Basis of Vascular Autocalibration (VasA): Comparison to Hypercapnia Calibration Methods.” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 78(3): 1168–73.

13. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2017. “High-Resolution CBV-FMRI Allows Mapping of Laminar Activity and Connectivity of Cortical Input and Output in Human M1.” Neuron 96(6): 1253-1263.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.005.

14. Dumoulin, Serge O. 2017. “Layers of Neuroscience.” Neuron 96(6): 1205–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.004.

15. Poser, Benedikt A, and Kawin Setsompop. 2018. “Pulse Sequences and Parallel Imaging for High Spatiotemporal Resolution MRI at Ultra-High Field.” NeuroImage 168: 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.006.

16. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2018. “Techniques for Blood Volume FMRI with VASO: From Low-Resolution Mapping towards Sub-Millimeter Layer-Dependent Applications.” NeuroImage 164(November): 131–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.039.

17. Huber, Laurentius et al. 2018. “Ultra-High Resolution Blood Volume FMRI and BOLD FMRI in Humans at 9.4T: Capabilities and Challenges.” NeuroImage 178(June): 769–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.025.

18. Finn, Emily S et al. 2019. “Layer-Dependent Activity in Human Prefrontal Cortex during Working Memory.” Nature Neuroscience 22: 1687–1695. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0487-z.

19. Chai, Yuhui et al. 2019. “Integrated VASO and Perfusion Contrast: A New Tool for Laminar Functional MRI.” NeuroImage: 116358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116358.

20. Huber, Laurentius, Kâmil Uludağ, and Harald E. Möller. 2019. “Non-BOLD Contrast for Laminar FMRI in Humans: CBF, CBV, and CMRO2.” NeuroImage (July): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.041.

21. Persichetti, Andrew Steven et al. 2020. “Current Biology Layer-Specific Contributions to Imagined and Executed Hand Movements in Human Primary Motor Cortex.” Current Biology: preprint re-submitted. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3482808.

22. Beckett, Alexander et al. 2019. “Comparison of BOLD and CBV Using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for Cortical Layer FMRI at 7T .” bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/778142

23. Yu, Yinghua et al. 2019. “Layer-Specific Activation of Sensory Input and Predictive Feedback in the Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex.” Science Advances 5(5): eaav9053. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav9053.

24. Yang, Jiajia, and Yinghua Yu. 2019. “超高磁場・高精細レイヤー FMRI 技術による ヒト大脳皮質の層別活動の可視化.” Medical Science Digest 45(418): 418–21. http://hokuryukan-ns.co.jp/cms/books/medical-science-digest　2019年　6月臨時増刊号/.

25. Huber, L., Finn, E. S., Handwerker, D. A., Bönstrup, M., Glen, D. R., Kashyap, S., … & Bandettini, P. A. (2020). Sub-millimeter fMRI reveals multiple topographical digit representations that form action maps in human motor cortex. Neuroimage, 208, 116463.

26. Guidi, M., Huber, L., Lampe, L., Merola, A., Ihle, K., & Möller, H. E. (2020). Cortical laminar resting‐state signal fluctuations scale with the hypercapnic blood oxygenation level‐dependent response. Human Brain Mapping, 41(8), 2014-2027. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24926

27. Huber, L., Finn, E. S., Chai, Y., Goebel, R., Stirnberg, R., Stöcker, T., … & Poser, B. A. (2021). Layer-dependent functional connectivity methods. Progress in Neurobiology, 207, 101835. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3635355.

28. Oliveira ÍAF, Cai Y, Hofstetter S, Siero JCW, van der Zwaag W, Dumoulin SO. Comparing BOLD and VASO-CBV population receptive field estimates in human visual cortex. Neuroimage. 2021;248(December 2021):118868. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118868
29. Yu Y, Huber L, Yang J, et al. Layer-specific activation in human primary somatosensory cortex during tactile temporal prediction error processing. Neuroimage. 2022;248:118867. 
30. Iamshchinina P, Haenelt D, Trampel R, Weiskopf N, Kaiser D, Cichy RM. Benchmarking GE-BOLD, SE-BOLD, and SS-SI-VASO sequences for depth-dependent separation of feedforward and feedback signals in high-field MRI. bioRxiv. 2021:1-18. 
31. Akbari, A., Bollmann, S., Ali, T. S., & Barth, M. (2021). Modelling the depth-dependent VASO and BOLD responses in human primary visual cortex. bioRxiv. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443052v1.full
32. Yang, J., Huber, L., Yu, Y., & Bandettini, P. A. (2021). Linking cortical circuit models to human cognition with laminar fMRI. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 467-478.